Nominal Structures of Uralic Languages

The copula can be absent is a few, special case. In presentative sentences with a locative pronominal elements, such as the interrogative hol 'where', and the demonstratives itt/ott 'here/there' the copula is optional.

Ott	a	busz.	Hol	a	kulcs?
there	the	bus	where	the	key

’The bus is there. Where is the key?’

Source: É. Kiss 2021: 256.

The copula is absent in special constructions, in which topics are never determoned, and the style has a telegraphic flavor.

Kulcs	a	lábtörlő	alatt.	Ebéd	a	hűtő-ben.
key	the	doormat	under	lunch	the	fridge-INE

’The key is under the doormat. The lunch is in the fridge.’

Source: É. Kiss 2021: 256.

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copular clauses

nonverbal predication

copula

information structure

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